Dental pain report in children and genetic polymorphism (rs4818) in Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) gene: a cross- sectional study

Abstract Aim: Polymorphisms in the COMT gene can alter enzymatic functions, raising levels of endogenous catecholamines, which stimulates beta-adrenergic receptors related to pain. This study aimed to evaluate whether a polymorphism in the COMT gene (rs4818) is associated with dental pain in children. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a representative sample of 731 pairs of children and parents randomly selected from a population-based sample of eight-year-old children. Reports of dental pain was evaluated using a question directed at the parents and self-reported pain using the Faces Pain Scale - Revised. Dental caries experience was determined using the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index. For genetic analysis, DNA was obtained from oral mucosa epithelial cells of 352 children randomly selected from the initial sample. Results: Children with the CC genotype had higher odds of reporting moderate to intense pain than those with the GG genotype (OR=3.60; 95% CI=0.80-16.20; p=0.03). These same children had greater odds of parental reports of pain (OR=1.93; 95% CI=0.91-4.08; p=0.02). Moreover, lower schooling of parents/guardians and caries experience in the primary dentition were significantly associated with greater odds of a parental report of dental pain (OR=2.06; 95% CI=1.47-2.91; p<0.001; OR=6.26; 95% CI=4.46-8.78; p<0.001). Conclusions: The rs4818 polymorphism of the COMT gene is associated with dental pain. Children with the C allele are more likely to report higher levels of pain. Clinical Relevance: Even though the experience of pain is subjective and multifactorial, this study raises the hypothesis that there is a genetic predisposition to dental pain that should be considered in clinical practice.

Self-medication associated with toothache: a systematic literature review / Automedicação associada à dor de dente: uma revisão sistemática da literatura / Automedicación asociada al dolor de dientes: una revisión sistemática de la literatura

Introduction: Self-medication consists of selecting and using medication without a poprescription or guidance from a healthcare professional. This practice has been widely reported worldwide, which has contributed to a series of adverse health outcomes, such as delayed diagnosis, worsening of clinical conditions, drug interactions, intoxication, and adverse reactions, which tend to compromise patient safety. Objective:To analyze the prevalence of self-medication associated with toothache, the main factors associated with self-medication in dental patients, as well as outline the profile of medications used by these individuals, the preferred route of administration, and the main sources of medication.Methodology:Asystematic review was developed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Relevant articles published in the last ten years, without limitations of language were searched using the following descriptors/MeSHterms and keywords: "self-medication" and (toothache or "dental pain") not Child. Results:The initial search returned 61 manuscripts. Fourteen papers, all cross-sectional studies, were eligible for inclusion in the systematic review.Conclusions:The prevalence of self-medication for toothache ranged from 6.5% to 100.0%. Cultural and economic factors, barriers to access, the high cost of dental treatments, lack of time and money, and the perception that dental problems are not a serious problem are among the main factors associated with the practice. Regarding the drugs used, the most used classes were paracetamol, especially anti-inflammatory drugs, particularly ibuprofen, and analgesics administered orally (AU).

Introdução:A automedicação consiste na escolha e uso de medicamentos sem prescrição ou orientação de um profissional de saúde. Essa prática tem sido amplamente divulgada em todo o mundo, o que tem contribuído para uma série de desfechos adversos à saúde, como atraso no diagnóstico, piora do quadro clínico, interações medicamentosas, intoxicações e reações adversas, que tendem a comprometer a segurança do paciente. Objetivo:Analisar a prevalência da automedicação associada à dor de dente, os principais fatores associados à automedicação em pacientes odontológicos, bem como traçar o perfil dos medicamentos utilizados por esses indivíduos, a via preferencial de administração e as principais fontes de medicação. Metodologia:Uma revisão sistemática foi desenvolvida de acordo com os itens de relatório preferidos para revisões sistemáticas e meta-análises (PRISMA). Foram pesquisados artigos relevantes publicados nos últimos dez anos, sem limitação de linguagem, utilizando os seguintes descritores/MeSHterms e palavras-chave: "self-medication" e (toothache or "dental pain") não Child. Resultados:A busca inicial encontrou61manuscritos. Quatorze artigos, de delineamento transversal,foram considerados elegíveis e incluídos para a revisão.Conclusões:A prevalência de automedicação para dor de dente variou de 6,5% a 100,0%. Fatores culturais e econômicos, barreiras de acesso, alto custo dos tratamentos odontológicos, falta de tempo e dinheiro e a percepção de que os problemas odontológicos não são um problema grave estão entre os principais fatores associados à prática. Em relação aos medicamentos utilizados, as classes mais utilizadas foram o paracetamol, principalmente os anti-inflamatórios, principalmente o ibuprofeno, e os analgésicos por via oral (AU).

Introducción: La automedicación consiste en seleccionar y utilizar medicamentos sin receta ni orientación de un profesional sanitario. Esta práctica ha sido ampliamente reportada a nivel mundial, lo que ha contribuido a una serie de resultados adversos para la salud, como retraso en el diagnóstico, empeoramiento de las condiciones clínicas, interacciones medicamentosas, intoxicaciones y reacciones adversas, que tienden a comprometer la seguridad del paciente.Objetivo: Analizar la prevalencia de automedicación asociada al dolor de muelas, los principales factores asociados a la automedicación en pacientes odontológicos, así como delinear el perfil de medicamentos utilizados por estos individuos, la vía de administración preferida y las principales fuentes de medicación. Metodología: Se desarrolló una revisión sistemática de acuerdo con los Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Se buscaron artículos relevantes publicados en los últimos diez años, sin limitaciones de idioma, utilizando los siguientes descriptores/MeSHterms y palabras clave: "self-medication" y (toothache or "dental pain") not Child. Resultados: La búsqueda inicial arrojó 61 manuscritos. Catorce artículos, todos estudios transversales, fueron elegibles para su inclusión en la revisión sistemática.Conclusiones: La prevalencia de automedicación para el dolor de muelas osciló entre 6,5% y 100,0%. Los factoresculturales y económicos, las barreras de acceso, el alto costo de los tratamientos dentales, la falta de tiempo y dinero, y la percepción de que los problemas dentales no son un problema grave se encuentran entre los principales factores asociados con la práctica. En cuanto a los fármacos utilizados, las clases más utilizadas fueron el paracetamol, especialmente los antiinflamatorios, especialmente el ibuprofeno, y los analgésicos por vía oral (AU).

Gerenciamento de urgências endodônticas: conhecimentos de acadêmicos de odontologia / Management of endodontic emergencies: knowledge of dental students

Objetivo: avaliar do conhecimento dos alunos de odontologia sobre os protocolos de atendimento para as urgências endodônticas. Método: 182 alunos dos últimos anos do curso de Odontologia do Centro Universitário Doutor Leão Sampaio, responderam a um questionário contendo perguntas referente ao protocolo adotado em casos de urgência de origem endodôntica. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste de Qui-quadrado de Pearson (p<0,05). Resultados: foram observadas diferenças entre a conduta relata pelos alunos do quarto e quinto ano de graduação quanto a indicação da incisão para drenagem em abscesso periapical agudo submucoso (evoluído), indicação de antibióticos nos casos de flare-up e indicação de antibióticos na dor com edema póstratamento endodôntico. A prescrição de antibióticos foi excessiva para os casos de dor entre consultas (flareup) e dor no pós-operatória. Para as patologias da polpa, a maioria dos alunos indicou protocolos de urgência recomendados na literatura. Conclusão: os resultados indicam a necessidade de melhoria dos programas de treinamento dos alunos em urgências endodônticas, principalmente quanto aos protocolos farmacológicos. (AU)

Objective: to evaluate the knowledge of dentistry students about care protocols for endodontic emergencies. Method: 182 students from the last years of the Dentistry course at Doctor Leão Sampaio University Center answered a questionnaire containing questions regarding the protocol adopted in urgent cases of endodontic origin. Data were analyzed using Pearson's Chi-square test (p<0.05). Results: differences were observed between the conduct reported by fourth- and fifth-year undergraduate students regarding the indication of incision for drainage in submucosal acute periapical abscess (evolved), indication of antibiotics in cases of flare-up and indication of antibiotics in pain with edema after endodontic treatment. The prescription of antibiotics was excessive for cases of pain between appointments (flare-up) and postoperative pain. For pulp pathologies, most students indicated emergency protocols recommended in the literature. Conclusion: the results indicate the need to improve student training programs in endodontic emergencies, especially regarding pharmacological protocols. (AU)

Urgent care frequency of the assessment carried out in a School Clinic of a Dental College of Minas Gerais

To evaluate the frequency of dental emergencies and specifications, along with the patient's profile attended at the Clinical School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences and Juiz de Fora Health (Supreme). We selected 152 medical records of clinical dental school of Juiz de Fora University Hospital - MG were selected and assessed the patient's profile and the classification of emergency cases. It was found that 57.2% of the patients were female and 42.7% male. The age of these patients is on average 44 years and the most frequent causes of visits were: dental prosthesis, endodontic and dental trauma. It can be conclude that some of the diseases found in dental emergencies are likely to be prevented or identified early on. Patients with pain are part of most attending emergency care services. In order to control the emergency care and improve the solvability, preventive actions should be developed, promoting a preventive rather than curative health.

Association among oral health and academic performance: a longitudinal study in a university in Southern Brazil

Abstract This longitudinal study aimed to investigate the association between self-perceived oral health, oral-health-related quality-of-life (OHRQoL), toothache, and university students' academic performance or dropout. A cohort of 2,089 students from 64 different courses at a public university in southern Brazil was interviewed in 2016 regarding their self-perceived oral health (Locker instrument; dichotomized into good/poor), OHRQoL (Oral Impacts on Daily Performances instrument, OIDP) and having had any toothache over the last 6 months (yes/no). After three years (2020), the academic records of 1,870 of these students were assessed, their average grade over all courses evaluated, and their dropout status was determined. Multivariable linear or logistic regression adjusting for gender, skin color, age, family income and maternal education was used to associate oral health variables (self-perceived oral health, OIDP, toothache) and academic performance or dropout. In 2016, 28.6% reported negative self-perceived oral health through the Locker instrument and 31.4% had toothache in the last 6 months. Over the next three years, 36.2% had dropped out. In multivariable regression, toothache in the last 6 months had a decrease of 0.32 (β -0.32, CI95% -0.59; -0.04) points in the final grade and were 35% (OR 1.35 CI95% 1.08; 1.69) more likely to dropout than students without toothache. In conclusion, this study showed that worse oral health conditions may be associated with worse academic performance or dropping out.

Perfil prescriptivo de corticoides en el servicio de urgencias del Hospital Odontológico de la ciudad de Formosa, Argentina / Prescriptive Profile of Corticoids in the Emergency Department of the Dental Hospital of the City of Formosa, Argentina

Objetivo: identificar el perfil prescriptivo de corticoides en pacientes que asistieron al Servicio de Urgencias del Hospital Odontológico de la ciudad de Formosa, Argentina. Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal, observacional y descriptivo, se analizaron las prescripciones de corticoides realizadas por odontólogos que atendieron en el Servicio de Urgencias del Hospital Odontológico de la ciudad de Formosa desde marzo 2019 a febrero 2020. Las variables de estudio fueron: características demográficas del paciente, diagnóstico clínico odontológico, corticoide prescrito, dosis y forma farmacéutica. Resultados: de un total de 9.635 historias clínicas, se observaron 3.244 prescripciones de corticoides (33,6%). De acuerdo a los corticoides prescritos, se halló a la dexametasona para vía intramuscular y además se utilizó dexametasona en tratamientos combinados con dipirona para vía intramuscular e ibuprofeno para vía oral. Los diagnósticos relacionados con prescripción de estos medicamentos fueron: pulpitis, periodontitis apical aguda, flemón/absceso, entre otras. De acuerdo al valor intrínseco terapéutico potencial, los fármacos prescritos en el hospital odontológico son de valor elevado, esto significa que demostraron eficacia para el tratamiento, el diagnóstico o la prevención de enfermedades del ser humano. Conclusiones: el estudio de la utilización de medicamentos en el Hospital Odontológico de la ciudad de Formosa permitió observar situaciones donde los corticoides no están indicados. Además, se señala la prescripción excesiva de la vía intramuscular. A partir de los resultados obtenidos es necesario realizar una retroalimentación a los prescriptores, por lo que se sugieren intervenciones para elaborar propuestas de solución a los problemas identificados y formular políticas de medicamentos.

Objective: to identify the prescriptive profile of corticosteroids in patients who were treated at the Emergency Service of the Dental Hospital of the City of Formosa, Argentina. Methods: a cross-sectional, observational, and descriptive study was carried out, and corticosteroid prescriptions made by dentists who attended the Emergency Service of the Dental Hospital of the City of Formosa, from March 2019 to February 2020 were analyzed. The study variables were: demographic characteristics of the patient, dental clinical diagnosis, corticosteroid prescribed, dose, and pharmaceutical form. Results: Of 9,635 medical records, 3,244 corticosteroid prescriptions (33.6%) were observed. According to the prescribed corticosteroids, dexamethasone was found for the intramuscular route, and dexamethasone was also used in combined treatments with dipyrone for the intramuscular route and ibuprofen for the oral route. The diagnoses related to the prescription of these medications were: pulpitis, acute apical periodontitis, phlegmon/abscess, trauma, pericoronitis, hypersensitivity and alveolitis. According to the potential therapeutic intrinsic value, the drugs prescribed in the dental hospital are of high value, which means that they have demonstrated efficacy for the treatment, diagnosis or prevention of diseases that affect humans. Conclusions: the study of the use of drugs in the Dental Hospital of the City of Formosa allowed us to observe situations where corticosteroids are not indicated. In addition, the excessive prescription of the intramuscular route is pointed out. Based on the results obtained, it is necessary to provide feedback to the prescribers, so it is suggested to continue with different interventions to develop proposals for solutions to the identified problems and formulate drug policies.

Toothache experiences: findings from 21 years longitudinal survey

Aim: To describe the pattern of toothache experience in a cohort of children aged 2-5 over 21 years and to find the relationship between previous toothache experience and later reports of toothache to get finding on the most critical period of toothache as a problem in life. Methods: This is a secondary data analysis from Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS). A total of 1,927 children from IFLS-1 with complete data were included as baseline participants. They were followed up four times within 21 years (age 6-9y, age 9-12y, age 16-19y, age 23- 26y). Toothache was based on the question of self-reported toothache experience during the last four weeks. After 21 years, a total of 1,098 individuals could be traced and completed every cohort of the survey. Toothache experiences were reported for frequencies in every cohort and accumulative experiences over 21 years. Logistic regression tests were performed to analyze the association of previous toothache experience and later toothache experience. Results: Almost 40% of the respondents reported toothache at least once in their life. The age of 6-9 years is the period when a high percentage of children had teeth-related pain. The experience of toothache at this period was significantly related to every period of age in life. Conclusions: The period of early mixed dentition is important. Oral health status in this period is associated with future oral health. A comprehensive dental health prevention program targeting this population is essential to increase the quality of life

Factors associated with toothache in 12-year-old adolescents in a southeastern state of Brazil

Abstract: This cross-sectional study evaluated factors associated with toothache in 12-year-old adolescents from the state of Minas Gerais in Brazil. Secondary data were collected from the SB Minas Gerais 2012 epidemiological survey. The dependent variable was toothache in the past 6 months. The independent variables were grouped into two levels: individual (sex, ethnic group, family income, periodontal condition, dental caries, dental treatment needs, and type of service used) and contextual (allocation factor, Human Development Index, Gini coefficient, gross domestic product, unemployment, illiteracy, basic sanitation, garbage collection, family income, half or a quarter of a minimum wage, primary healthcare coverage, primary oral healthcare team coverage, oral health technician, access to individual dental care, and supervised tooth brushing). A multilevel analysis was performed using the Hierarchical Linear and Nonlinear Modeling Software Program to assess the association of individual and contextual variables with toothache in the last 6 months. The prevalence of toothache in the last six months among the adolescents of this study was 19.1%. An association was found with family income (p <0.001), dental caries (p <0.001), primary oral healthcare team coverage (p = 0.015) and oral health technician (p = 0.008). Socioeconomic conditions and the most prevalent oral diseases, such as dental caries, as well as the use of public services, were related to toothache in adolescents aged 12 years. These findings reinforce the need to develop and implement public policies to address the oral health problems of this population.

Toothache and tooth extraction as reasons for dental visits: an analysis of the 2019 National Health Survey

Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of dental visits due to toothache and tooth extraction in Brazil and its association with individual and contextual variables. This two-step cross-sectional study included persons aged 18 years and older in the 2019 National Health Survey who had visited a dentist in the 12 months prior to the interview (n = 40,369). The individual-level outcome was having a dental visit due to toothache or tooth extraction. The ecological-level outcome was the proportion of dental visits for these reasons relative to all dental visits by Brazilian state. Associations with individual - sociodemographic characteristics, number of teeth, and type of health service used - and ecological variables - HDI and dental service coverage - were assessed using Poisson regressions. The prevalence of dental visits due to toothache or extraction was higher among individuals with no formal education, household income < 25% of the minimum wage, of black and brown skin color, living in rural areas, who consulted in the public health system, with 10-19 and 1-9 teeth, and men. The proportion of dental visits due to toothache/extraction in Brazilian states was negatively associated with the HDI and the rate of dental emergency team/100,000 inhabitants and positively associated with primary dental care coverage. The prevalence of dental visits due to toothache/extraction was associated with individual and ecological characteristics, indicating inequities in reasons for dental visits in Brazil. The potential of a well-structured oral health care network to overcome these inequities is suggested and needs to be better explored.

The influence of protective psychosocial factors on the incidence of dental pain / A influência de fatores psicossociais protetores sobre a incidência de dor dentária

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of protective psychosocial factors on the incidence of dental pain in the last six months among 12-year-old children living in Manaus (AM). METHODS A prospective school-based cohort study was conducted with 210 12-year-old students enrolled in public schools in the eastern zone of Manaus (AM). Students were followed up for two years. Validated questionnaires were used to assess sociodemographic characteristics, protective psychosocial factors, including sense of coherence, social support, and self-esteem at baseline and after two years. Calibrated examiners clinically assessed dental caries and gingival bleeding. Multivariate multilevel Poisson regression was used to estimate the relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) between the changes on psychosocial factors scores and incidence of dental pain, adjusted for psychosocial factors scores at baseline, dental health insurance, frequency of tooth brushing, and dental caries. RESULTS Mean scores for sense of coherence and social support reduced significantly from baseline to 2-year follow-up. The incidence of dental pain along the two-year follow-up was 28.6%. The risk of dental pain was 14% higher for every 10 points in the mean reduction of sense of coherence score (RR = 1.14; 95%CI: 1.02-1.20), and 6% higher for every 10 points of the mean reduction in social support score (RR = 1.06; 95%CI: 1.01-1.11). Change on self-esteem was not associated with risk of dental pain. CONCLUSION Change on sense of coherence and social support over the two-year period influenced the incidence of dental pain among children, suggesting that protective psychosocial factors, health behaviours, dental health insurance, and clinical oral condition have an important role in the incidence of dental pain.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Investigar a influência de fatores psicossociais protetores sobre a incidência de dor dentária nos últimos seis meses em crianças de 12 anos residentes em Manaus (AM). MÉTODOS Um estudo de coorte prospectivo de base escolar foi realizado com 210 alunos de 12 anos, matriculados em escolas públicas da zona leste de Manaus (AM) que foram acompanhados por dois anos. Questionários validados foram usados para avaliar características sociodemográficas, fatores psicossociais protetores, incluindo senso de coerência, apoio social e autoestima na linha de base e após dois anos. Examinadores calibrados avaliaram clinicamente cárie dentária e sangramento gengival. Regressão de Poisson multinível multivariada foi usada para estimar o risco relativo (RR) e o intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) entre a variação dos escores dos fatores psicossociais e a incidência de dor dentária, ajustada para os escores dos fatores psicossociais na linha de base, plano de saúde odontológico, frequência de escovação dentária e cárie dentária. RESULTADOS As médias dos escores do senso de coerência e do apoio social reduziram significativamente entre linha de base e seguimento de dois anos. A incidência de dor dentária no seguimento de dois anos foi 28,6%. O risco de dor dentária foi 14% maior para cada 10 pontos na redução média do escore do senso de coerência (RR = 1,14; IC95% 1,02-1,20), e 6% maior para cada 10 pontos na redução média do escore do apoio social (RR = 1,06; IC95% 1,01-1,11). A mudança na autoestima não foi associada ao risco de dor dentária. CONCLUSÃO A variação do senso de coerência e do apoio social no período de dois anos influenciou a incidência de dor dentária em crianças, sugerindo que fatores psicossociais protetores, comportamentos em saúde, plano odontológico e a condição clínica bucal desempenham um papel importante na incidência da dor dentária.

Pain Perception Before Endodontic Treatment: from Primary Care to Specialized Care

Abstract Objective: To analyze patients' pain perception requiring endodontic treatment referred to a Dental Specialties Center. Material and Methods: Data was collected through a self-administered questionnaire for patients about their experience of pain and another for endodontists about the treatment performed. The results were analyzed descriptively using Pearson's Chi-square test and Fisher's Exact test, with Bonferroni correction (p≤0.05). Results: The median age of the patients was 39 years, and 71.1% were female. The median waiting time for treatment was five months. Pain was reported by 75.2% of patients, occurred more than one month earlier (63.6%), with moderate/severe intensity (66.9%), and most patients sought emergency treatment more than once (79.1%). In addition, pain was associated with sex (female; p=0.008); moderate/severe intensity (p<0.001); the number of times that patient had to go to the dentist because of the tooth treatment (twice or more; p=0.002); and type of tooth treated (posterior tooth; p=0.002). Conclusion: Severe pain episodes resulted in a repeated search for emergency services, which may overload the primary care service, especially if the waiting time for endodontic treatment is long.

Daily Toothbrushing Frequency and the Association with Parental Report of Dental Pain and Discomfort in Preschool Children

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the impact of daily toothbrushing frequency on parental reports of dental pain and discomfort in preschoolers. Material and Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted involving 376 children between four and five years of age at public preschools in the city of Campo Magro, Brazil. Parents/guardians answered a socioeconomic questionnaire that contained a single question on the child's daily toothbrushing frequency and the Brazilian version of the Dental Discomfort Questionnaire (DDQ-B). Statistical analysis involved bivariate and multivariate Poisson regression analyses (α=0.05). Results: After the adjustments in the multivariate analysis, the prevalence of dental pain and discomfort was lower among children whose last visit to the dentist was for prevention (PR = 4.42; 95% CI: 1.75- 11.14; p=0.002) and those with a higher daily toothbrushing frequency (PR = 2.13; 95% CI: 1.12-4.05; p=0.021). Conclusion: A lower toothbrushing frequency is associated with parental reports of dental pain and discomfort in preschoolers. Educational and preventive measures that stimulate an increase in daily toothbrushing frequency can contribute to a better oral health status in preschoolers, consequently, less prevalence of dental pain and discomfort.

Etnografía sobre el dolor dental en población Pijao de Ortega, Tolima / Ethnography on dental pain in Pijao population in Ortega, Tolima

RESUMEN Introducción: desde una mirada biológica, el dolor dental es un síntoma que indica daño en la pulpa dental. Sin embargo, desde una perspectiva centrada en el ser humano, se considera un proceso en donde se expresan elementos sustanciales de la cultura de la salud; en particular, las representaciones simbólicas sobre la boca y los dientes, y las diferentes estrategias que utiliza la población para solventar esta dolencia. El objetivo comprender la manera en que la población Pijao entiende y atiende sus dolores dentales. Método: estudio etnográfico. Uso de herramientas como análisis documental, observación participante, entrevistas semi-estructuradas y diario de campo. Resultados: este dolor es común en la población, y se relaciona con la presencia de caries dental e indica el inicio de la pérdida dental. La manera en que se entiende y atiende se relaciona con las representaciones simbólicas sobre la boca y los dientes, y sobre sus enfermedades y su atención. Su tratamiento inicial se da en el ámbito familiar a través de recursos herbolarios y farmacéuticos. Debido a su intensidad, las personas acuden a la atención odontológica por su eficacia terapéutica. Es el principal motivo de consulta odontológica. Conclusiones: el dolor dental es un proceso en donde los sujetos instituyen una conciencia sobre su cuerpo. Igualmente, indica malas condiciones de salud bucal, dificultades en la implementación de políticas de Atención Primaria en Salud Bucal, y la existencia de barreras económicas y culturales de acceso a las instituciones sanitarias.

Abstract Introduction: from a biological perspective, dental pain is a symptom that indicates damage to the dental pulp. Nevertheless, from a human-centered perspective, it is considered a process where substantial elements of the health culture are expressed, in this case, the symbolic representations about the mouth and teeth, and the different strategies that the population uses to solve this ailment. The objective was to understand the way in which the Pijao population understands and cares about their dental pain Method: ethnographic study. Use of tools such as documentary analysis, participant observation, semi-structured interviews and field diary. Results: this kind of pain is common in the population, and is related to the presence of dental caries, and indicates the appearance of dental loss. Furthermore, the way in which it is understood and cared for is related to the symbolic representations about the mouth and teeth, and about their diseases and their care. Its initial treatment is given to the family through herbal and pharmaceutical resources. Considering its intensity, people turn to dental care for its therapeutic efficacy. This is the main reason to visit the dentist. Conclusions: dental pain is a process where subjects establish an awareness of their body. Likewise, it indicates poor oral health conditions, difficulties in the implementation of policies for Primary Oral Health Care, and the existence of economic and cultural barriers to access to health institutions.

Dental extraction and full mouth root canal therapy in a patient with atypical odontalgia: Report of invasive malpractice / Extração dentária e terapia de canal radicular total em um paciente com odontalgia atípica: relato de terapia invasiva por erro diagnóstico

Atypical odontalgia is a pain disorder featured by constant pain without any obvious dental pathology. We report a 38-year-old man having chronic orofacial pain in the past two years. The pain was first located in the left maxillary premolar-molar region, but spread to the contra lateral mandible, occipital region, head and shoulders over time. The pain was described as dull and continuous with the intensity of #6 (VAS), and not relieved even after root canal therapy of all teeth and extraction of wisdom teeth . Some comorbid conditions such as TMJ problems and involvement of masticatory muscles were also reported. Finally, the diagnosis of atypical odontalgia was established due to lack of evidence for any organic pathology on clinical and paraclinical investigations, and a combination therapy including fluoxetine and clonazepam was started. Dental practitioners should consider AO when confronting toothache without any reasonable organic cause and avoid unnecessary dental procedures (AU)

A odontalgia atípica (OA) é um distúrbio doloroso caracterizado por uma dor constante sem qualquer patologia dentária óbvia. Relatamos um homem de 38 anos com dor orofacial crônica nos últimos dois anos. A dor foi inicialmente localizada na região pré-molar-molar superior esquerdo, mas se espalhou para o lado oposto da mandíbula, região occipital, cabeça e ombros ao longo do tempo. A dor foi descrita como maçante e contínua com a intensidade de # 6 (EVA), e não aliviada mesmo após tratamento de canal de todos os dentes e extração dos dentes do siso. Algumas comorbidades como problemas de ATM e envolvimento dos músculos mastigatórios também foram relatadas. Finalmente, o diagnóstico de odontalgia atípica foi estabelecido devido à falta de evidência para qualquer patologia sistêmica nas investigações clínicas e exames complementares, e uma terapia combinada incluindo fluoxetina e clonazepam foi iniciada. Os dentistas devem considerar OA ao enfrentar uma dor de dente sem qualquer causa sistêmica razoável e evitar procedimentos odontológicos desnecessários (AU)

Does Virtual Reality Affect Children's Dental Anxiety, Pain, And Behaviour? A Randomised, Placebo-Controlled, Cross-Over Trial

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effect of virtual reality (VR) on dental anxiety, pain, and behaviour at different time points among children undergoing dental treatment under local anaesthesia. Material and Methods: This randomised, two‐armed, within-subject, cross-over, placebo-controlled trial included 76 children. Eligible participants were treated in two dental visits using the following methods: with protective glasses only, without distraction (attention placebo-controlled - APC); and with the treatment condition (i.e., VR). Primary outcomes were dental anxiety and pain; secondary outcome was dental visit behaviour. Heart rate scores were recorded as an objective measure to evaluate dental anxiety and pain. Subjective measurements for each variable were also performed. Results: Significant reduction in dental pain and anxiety was observed in the VR group, according to the heart rate scores; however, no statistical differences were observed according to the self-reported measures. Decreased dental anxiety and pain were associated with the first visit sequence with VR. Dental pain and anxiety scores were lower during local anaesthesia in the VR group than in the APC group. Conclusion: Virtual reality significantly reduced pain and anxiety during local anaesthesia in children undergoing dental treatment; therefore, it may be recommended during dental treatment in school-age children.

Racial and regional inequalities of dental pain in adolescents: Brazilian National Survey of School Health (PeNSE), 2009 to 2015 / Desigualdades raciais e regionais na prevalência de dor de dente em adolescentes: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE), 2009 a 2015 / Desigualdades raciales y regionales respecto al dolor dental en adolescentes: Encuesta Nacional de Salud del Escolar (PeNSE), de 2009 a 2015

Abstract: The aim of the study is: (a) investigate the racial inequalities as one specific dimension that affects dental pain in Brazilian adolescents; and (b) investigate the regional variations of dental pain. This cross-sectional study used data from Brazilian National Survey of School Health (PeNSE), carried out with adolescents in 2009, 2012 and 2015. Dental pain was evaluated through the question: "Did you have dental pain in the last six months?". The main exposures were race and Brazilian regions, used to evaluate inequalities related to the outcome. Sex, age, school type and maternal education were used as covariables. The statistical significance of the trends in dental pain was tested using linear regression. The analysis was conducted in Stata 13.0 statistical package using the svy command. The standard prevalence of dental pain was 18.8%, 21.1% and 23.7%, showing an increasing trend over time (p < 0.001). We observed absolute inequalities in dental pain related to race and regions. A higher prevalence was found in non-white girls of public schools and in the Northern Region. The indexes of inequalities increased in the group of black girls, related to an increase of dental pain predominantly in girls whose mothers had lower educational level. It was observed that the prevalence of dental pain in Brazilian adolescents increased over time as well as its inequalities, which remained in marginalized populations and linked to Brazilian regions.

Resumo: O estudo teve dois objetivos: (a) investigar as desigualdades raciais enquanto uma dimensão específica que afeta a prevalência de dor de dente em adolescentes brasileiros, e (b) analisar as variações regionais na prevalência de dor de dente. O estudo transversal usou dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE), realizada com adolescentes em 2009, 2012 e 2015. Dor de dente foi avaliada com a pergunta: "Nos últimos seis meses, você teve dor de dente?". As principais exposições foram raça/cor e macrorregiões brasileiras, usadas para avaliar as desigualdades relacionadas ao desfecho. Sexo, idade, tipo de escola e escolaridade materna foram as covariáveis utilizadas. A significância estatística das tendências na prevalência de dor de dente foi testada com regressão linear. As análises foram realizadas com o programa estatístico Stata 13.0, usando o comando svy. A prevalência padrão de dor de dente foi 18,8%, 21,1% e 23,7%, com uma tendência crescente ao longo do tempo (p < 0,001). Foram observadas desigualdades absolutas na prevalência de dor de dente de acordo com raça e macrorregião. A prevalência mais alta esteve associada ao sexo feminino, raça não-branca, escola pública e Região Norte do país. Os índices de desigualdade aumentaram no grupo de meninas negras, refletidos em um aumento na prevalência de dor de dente em meninas cujas mães tinham menos escolaridade. A prevalência de dor de dente em adolescentes brasileiros aumentou ao longo do tempo, e as desigualdades em relação à dor de dente persistiram nas populações marginalizadas e de acordo com a região do país.

Resumen: El objetivo del estudio fue doble: (a) investigar las desigualdades raciales, como una dimensión específica que afecta al dolor dental, en adolescentes brasileños; e (b) investigar las variaciones regionales del dolor dental. Este estudio transversal usó datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud del Escolar (PeNSE), llevada a cabo con adolescentes en 2009, 2012 y 2015. El dolor dental fue evaluado por la pregunta: "En los últimos seis meses, ¿sufriste dolor dental?". Los principales factores de exposición fueron raza y regiones brasileñas, y se usaron para evaluar las desigualdades relacionadas con los resultados. Sexo, edad, tipo de escuela y educación maternal fueron las covariables usadas. La significación estadística de las tendencias en el dolor dental fue probada usando regresión lineal. El análisis se realizó con el paquete estadístico Stata 13.0, usando el comando svy. El estándar de prevalencia de dolor dental fue 18,8%, 21,1% y 23,7%, con tendencia a aumentar a lo largo del tiempo (p < 0.001). Se observaron desigualdades absolutas en el dolor dental, relacionadas con raza y regiones. Se encontró una prevalencia más alta en chicas, de raza no blanca, escuelas públicas y Región del Norte. Los índices de desigualdades se incrementaron en el grupo de chicas negras, en detrimento de un incremento en la prevalencia del dolor dental en chicas cuyas madres contaban con menos educación formal. Se observó que la prevalencia de dolor dental en adolescentes brasileñas se incrementó a lo largo del tiempo y las desigualdades, respecto al dolor dental, continuaron manteniéndose en el tiempo en poblaciones marginalizadas y acordes con determinadas regiones brasileñas.

Assessment of the impact of toothache, untreated caries and its consequences on the quality of life among poor Brazilian children / Avaliação do impacto da dor de dente, da cárie não tratada e suas consequências na qualidade de vida de crianças brasileiras

Purpose: to evaluate the impact of dental pain and the consequences of untreated dental caries on the quality of life in children of low social-economic status aged from 8 to 10 years old. Materials and Methods: in this cross-sectional study, 230 children were submitted to a clinical examination in which the caries-pufa ratio was measured, afterward, they answered to two questionnaires: one about their quality of life (CPQ8-10) and the other about dental pain. Data were statistically analyzed through Chi-square, Mann-Whitney or Kruskal-Wallis tests to evaluate the association between the variables with impact on children's OHRQoL. To establish the existence of risk factors among variables and impact on OHRQoL a Poisson Regression model was applied. Results: dental caries (p = 0.003; PR 2.39; 95% CI 1.04­1.56), severity of untreated caries (p = 0.008; PR 2.86; 95% CI 1.13­2.00), toothache (p < 0.001; PR 2.31; 95% CI 1.64­3.27) and PUFA + pufa index (p < 0.023; PR 2.68; 95% CI 1.10­1.87) were associated with and were a predictor factor for impact on overall OHRQoL. All of these variables also had an effect over the social welfare subscale (p ≤ 0.001), whereas caries presence was also statistically linked with the emotional wellbeing subscale (p = 0.008) and dental pain with all four subscales (p ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: untreated dental caries' clinical consequences and dental pain exerted a negative influence on the quality of life of schoolchildren analyzed.(AU)

Objetivo: avaliar o impacto da dor de dente e das consequências da cárie não tratada na qualidade de vida de crianças entre 8 e 10 anos com baixos indicadores socioeconômicos. Métodos: neste estudo transversal, 230 crianças escolares foram submetidas a um exame clínico, no qual foram avaliados seus CPO/ceo (Dentes cariados, perdidos e obturados) e PUFA/pufa (Envolvimento pulpar, ulceração, fístula e abscesso). Em um segundo momento, elas responderam a dois questionários: um sobre a qualidade de vida (CPQ8-10) e outro sobre odontalgia. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente por meio dos testes de Chi-quadrado, Mann-Whitney ou Kruskal-Wallis, para avaliar a associação entre as variáveis e o impacto na qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde oral (QdVRSO) da criança. Para estabelecer a existência de fatores de risco para impacto na QdVRSO entre as variáveis, um modelo de regressão de Poisson foi aplicado. Resultados: a presença de cárie (p = 0,003; RP 2,39; 95% IC 1,04-1,56), a severidade da cárie não tratada (p = 0,008; RP 2,86; 95% IC 1,13-2,00), dor de dente (p < 0,001; RP 2,31; 95% IC 1,64-3,27) e PUFA/pufa (p < 0,023; RP 2,68; 95% IC 1,10- 1,87) foram associados com impacto na QdVRSO, assim como também foram fatores preditores para o impacto na qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde oral. Todas as então citadas variáveis também exerceram efeito sobre a subescala do bem-estar social (p ≤ 0,001), enquanto a presença de cárie esteve estatisticamente conectada com a subescala do bem-estar emocional (p = 0,008) e a dor dentária com todas as subescalas da QdVRSO (p ≤ 0,001). Conclusão: as consequências clínicas da cárie não tratada e a dor dentária exercem uma influência negativa na qualidade de vida das crianças analisadas.(AU)

The challenge of diagnosing atypical odontalgia. Case report / O desafio para o diagnóstico da odontalgia atípica. Relato de caso

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Atypical odontalgia is characterized by continuous pain that persists for more than three months in one or more teeth or in the socket after extraction, without apparent dental and neurological causes, with transient pain relief and worsening within a few days or even weeks in patients undergoing extensive dental treatment. These patients are at risk of going through unnecessary dental/surgical procedures, which would worsen their pain. This article aims to report a difficult case of atypical odontalgia diagnosis of a patient that underwent extensive dental treatment accompanied by severe pain. CASE REPORT: A 57-year-old female patient with severe and excruciating pain in the right maxillary region of no identified source. After an endodontic retreatment on teeth 14 and 16, the pain worsened suggesting traumatic pericementitis or reaction to the intracanal drug used. Since the pain did not improve, a pulpectomy on 13 was performed. However, the pain increased significantly, and after an evaluation by volumetric computed tomography, a paraendodontic surgery was performed, but the pain irradiated to the ocular fundus and the maxillary region. The absence of neurological, ophthalmological, and otorhinolaryngological alterations led to the diagnosis of atypical odontalgia. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of atypical odontalgia is difficult, requiring a multidisciplinary approach listening to the patient's complaint, and, in case of doubt, avoid any procedures not to worsen pain and turn it chronic.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A odontalgia atípica caracteriza-se por dor contínua que persiste por mais de três meses em um ou mais dentes ou no alvéolo após extração, sem causas dentárias e neurológicas aparentes, com alívio transitório, e piora da dor dentro de poucos dias ou até semanas, em pacientes com amplo tratamento odontológico. A dificuldade para o diagnóstico pode levar a procedimentos odontológicos desnecessários e mutiladores, com piora e/ou cronificação da dor. Este artigo tem como objetivo relatar um caso de difícil diagnóstico de odontalgia atípica em paciente submetida a extenso tratamento odontológico. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo feminino, 57 anos, apresentava queixa de dor lancinante em região maxilar direita cuja origem não identificava. Após retratamento endodôntico dos dentes 14 e 16, houve piora da dor sugerindo pericementite traumática ou reação a fármaco intracanal. Como a dor não melhorou foi realizada uma pulpectomia no dente 13. Entretanto, a dor aumentou e após tomografia computadorizada volumétrica foi realizada cirurgia parendodôntica, porém a dor irradiou para fundo do olho direito e região maxilar. A ausência de alterações neurológicas, oftalmológicas e otorrinolaringológicas permitiram diagnosticar a odontalgia atípica. CONCLUSÃO: O diagnóstico é difícil, sendo recomendada a abordagem multidisciplinar, valorizar a queixa do paciente e, em casos de dúvida, evitar quaisquer procedimentos para não piorar e cronificar a dor.

Dor de dentes e fatores associados entre adolescentes de um município de grande porte populacional no Nordeste brasileiro / Tooth pain and associated factors among adolescents of a large population municipality in Northeastern Brazil

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever e analisar o histórico de dor de dente e seus fatores associados, entre adolescentes de escolas públicas de um município do Nordeste do Brasil. Realizou-se uma pesquisa observacional, descritiva, quantitativa e transversal, através da aplicação de quatro questionários junto a 458 adolescentes. Pela análise bivariada, a prevalência de dor de dente na vida foi alta entre os adolescentes de menor idade (76,9%; p = 0,004), que visitaram o Cirurgião-Dentista alguma vez (74,8%; p = 0,001) e que relataram medo frente ao atendimento odontológico (74,9%; p = 0,006). Todavia, nos últimos 6 meses, a prevalência de dor de dente foi baixa, na qual os adolescentes do sexo masculino (77,4%; p < 0,001) e de maior idade (73,1%; p = 0,031) relataram justamente não terem sentido dor. Quando da análise multivariada, a maior prevalência de dor de dente na vida se manteve entre os adolescentes de menor idade (76,9%; p = 0,003) e que relataram medo (74,9%; p = 0,006). A prevalência de dor de dente nos últimos 6 meses se manteve baixa na análise multivariada, entre os adolescentes do sexo masculino e de maior idade. Conclui-se que a prevalência de dor de dente na vida foi maior do que nos últimos 6 meses, havendo associação significativa com os fatores: sexo, idade, visita ao Cirurgião-Dentista e sensação de medo.

Abstract The aim of this study was to describe and analyze history of toothache and associated factors among adolescent students enrolled in public schools of a city in Northeastern Brazil. An observational, descriptive, quantitative and cross-sectional study was conducted through the application of 4 questionnaires with 458 adolescents. By bivariate analysis, the prevalence of toothache in life was higher among younger adolescents (76.9%; p = 0.004), who have visited the dentist at least once (74.8%; p = 0.001) and who reported fear (74.9%; p = 0.006). The occurrence of dental pain in the last 6 months was low, where male (77.4%; p = 0,001) and older adolescents (73.1%; p = 0.031) reported no occurrence of pain. Through multivariate analysis, the highest prevalence of dental pain in life remained among younger adolescents (76.9%; p = 0.003) and who reported dental fear (74.9%; p = 0.006). The prevalence of toothache in the last 6 months remained low through multivariate analysis, among male and older adolescents. It could be concluded that the prevalence of toothache in life was higher than in the last 6 months, showing significant association with gender, age, visit to the dentist and dental fear.

Impacts of Toothache on Daily Activities of Children Aged 5 to 9 Years in Kerman, Iran

Abstract Objective: To investigate the impacts of toothache on the daily activities of children aged 5 to 9 years. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 465 children (220 boys and 245 girls) aged between 5-9 years, using the Child Dental Pain Questionnaire (Child-DPQ), in the city of Kerman. They were categorized into two groups based on the clinical status: (1) untreated dental caries and (2) no dental caries or treated dental caries. For data analysis, the Chi-square, Mann-Whitney test, multiple logistic regressions, Spearman's correlation coefficient and t-test were used. Results: Regarding the severity of pain, about 28.3% reported mild pain, 30.1% moderate pain, and 21.9% very severe pain. The prevalence of reported dental pain increased by increasing the number of reported dental visits and more strongly among those having dmft>1. Toothache in children caused to stop eating (73.3%) and to sleep (63.8.1%) and provoked a dental visit in more than 40%. Conclusion: The toothache stopped many children eating and sleeping and provoked a dental visit in more than 40%. Among the children under study, 55.9% had to miss school.